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English Language Arts 112 standards
Reading
Comprehension
Develop and demonstrate reading skills in response to text by:
2.R.1.A.ausing text features to make and confirm predictions, explain why not confirmed
2.R.1.A.basking and responding to relevant questions
2.R.1.A.cseeking clarification, and using information/ facts and details about texts and supporting answers with evidence from text
2.R.1.A.dretelling a story’s beginning, middle, and end and determining their central message, lesson or moral
2.R.1.A.emonitoring comprehension and making corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down
Vocabulary
Develop an understanding of vocabulary by:
2.R.1.B.ausing prefixes, root words, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words
2.R.1.B.busing knowledge of the meaning of individual words to determine the meaning of compound words
2.R.1.B.cusing context to determine the meaning of a new word or multiple-meaning word in text
2.R.1.B.dusing antonyms and synonyms
2.R.1.B.elocating words in a dictionary or glossary to determine or clarify the meaning of words or phrases
2.R.1.B.fdistinguishing meaning among closely related verbs and adjectives
2.R.1.B.grecognizing that some words have literal and non-literal meanings
2.R.1.B.husing conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases
Making Connections
Determine the relevant connections between:
2.R.1.C.atext to text (text ideas, including similarities and differences regarding information and relationships in fiction and nonfiction)
2.R.1.C.btext to world (text ideas regarding experiences in the world)
Independent Text
Read independently for multiple purposes over sustained periods of time by:
2.R.1.D.areading text that is developmentally appropriate
2.R.1.D.bproducing evidence of reading
Fiction
Read, infer, analyze, and draw conclusions to:
2.R.2.A.adescribe the setting, problems, solutions, sequence of events (plot), and big idea or moral lesson
2.R.2.A.bdescribe the main characters in works of fiction, including their traits, motivations, and feelings
2.R.2.A.ccompare and contrast different versions of the same story with respect to their characters, settings, and sequence of events
2.R.2.A.ddescribe cause and effect relationships
2.R.2.A.eexplain how the story changes based on who is telling the story
2.R.2.A.fcompare and contrast the differences in points of view of characters and how stories are narrated
Poetry
Read, infer and draw conclusions to:
2.R.2.B.adescribe how rhythm, rhyme, and repetition create imagery in poetry
2.R.2.B.buse onomatopoeia
Drama
Read, infer and draw conclusions to:
2.R.2.C.aidentify characters, setting, acts, and scenes in plays
2.R.2.C.bidentify the elements of dialogue and use them in informal plays
Text Features
Read, infer and draw conclusions to:
2.R.3.A.aidentify the main idea of sections of text and distinguish it from the topic
2.R.3.A.bdemonstrate understanding by locating facts to answer and/or ask questions
2.R.3.A.cuse text features to locate specific information
2.R.3.A.dexplain common graphic features to assist in the interpretation of text
2.R.3.A.efollow written multi-step directions
2.R.3.A.fdescribe connections between, and state the order of, the events or ideas
Literary Techniques
Read, infer and draw conclusions to:
2.R.3.B.aexplain why a text is fiction or nonfiction
2.R.3.B.bask and answer questions to clarify meaning
2.R.3.B.cexplain examples of sensory details
Text Structures
Read, infer and draw conclusions to:
2.R.3.C.aexplain main ideas and supporting details
2.R.3.C.bdescribe the connection between events and retell the sequence of events
2.R.3.C.cdescribe the connection between and identify problems and solutions
2.R.3.C.didentify the author’s purpose
2.R.3.C.ecompare and contrast the most important points presented by text on the same topic
Digital and Media Literacy
Read to develop an understanding of media and its components by:
2.R.4.A.aexplaining purposes of media
2.R.4.A.bdescribing techniques used to create media messages
2.R.4.A.cidentifying various written conventions for using digital media
Reading Foundations
Print Awareness
Develop print awareness in the reading process by:
2.RF.1.A.aunderstanding that sentences are organized into paragraphs to convey meaning
Phonics
Develop phonics in the reading process by:
2.RF.3.A.adecoding multisyllabic words in context by applying common letter-sound correspondences including: single letters, consonant blends , consonant and vowel digraphs and vowel diphthongs
2.RF.3.A.bdistinguishing long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one syllable words
2.RF.3.A.cdecoding regularly spelled two syllable words with long vowels
2.RF.3.A.ddecoding words with vowel diphthongs
2.RF.3.A.edecoding words with vowel digraphs
2.RF.3.A.freading words with common prefixes and suffixes
2.RF.3.A.gusing contractions
2.RF.3.A.husing common syllable patterns to decode words including r-controlled vowels
2.RF.3.A.ireading irregularly spelled high-frequency words
2.RF.3.A.jdemonstrating decoding skills when reading new words in a text
Fluency
Read appropriate texts with fluency (rate, accuracy, expression, appropriate phrasing) with purpose and for comprehension
2.RF.4.A.ause context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary
Writing
Prewriting
Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by:
2.W.1.A.abrainstorming and recording key ideas using a graphic organizer
Draft
Appropriate to genre type, develop a draft from prewriting by:
2.W.1.B.asequencing ideas into clear and coherent sentences
2.W.1.B.bgenerating paragraphs with one main idea
2.W.1.B.ccreating evidence of a beginning, middle and end
2.W.1.B.daddressing an appropriate audience
Revise/Edit
Reread, revise and edit drafts with assistance from adults/peers, to:
2.W.1.C.astrengthen writing as needed by revising
2.W.1.C.bedit for language conventions
Produce/Publish and Share Writing
With assistance from adults/peers:
2.W.1.D.ause a variety of conventional/digital tools to produce and publish writing
2.W.1.D.bintroduce keyboarding skills
Opinion/Argumentative
Write opinion texts that:
2.W.2.A.aintroduce a topic or text being studied using complete sentences
2.W.2.A.bstate an opinion about the topic or text and provide reasons for the opinion
2.W.2.A.cuse specific words that are related to the topic and audience
2.W.2.A.duse linking/transition words and phrases to signal event order
2.W.2.A.eprovide evidence of a beginning, middle and concluding statement or section
Informative/Explanatory
Write informative/ explanatory texts that:
2.W.2.B.aintroduce a topic or text being studied, using complete sentences
2.W.2.B.buse facts and definitions to develop points in generating paragraphs
2.W.2.B.cuse specific words that are related to the topic and audience
2.W.2.B.duse linking words and phrases to signal event order
2.W.2.B.ecreate a concluding statement or paragraph
Narrative/Literary
Write fiction or non-fiction narratives and poems that:
2.W.2.C.aestablish a situation/topic based on the student’s experience or imagination
2.W.2.C.bintroduce a main character and setting
2.W.2.C.cdevelop sensory details
2.W.2.C.dfollow a logical sequence of events using complete sentences to create a beginning/middle/ end
2.W.2.C.euse linking/transition words to signal event order
2.W.2.C.fuse specific words that are related to the topic and audience
Research Process
Apply research process to:
2.W.3.A.agenerate a list of open-ended questions about topics of interest
2.W.3.A.bcreate an individual question about a topic
2.W.3.A.cuse their own question to find information on their topic
2.W.3.A.dgather evidence from available sources, literary and informational
2.W.3.A.erecord basic information from literary and informational texts in simple visual format
2.W.3.A.fpresent and evaluate information in written and oral reports or displays, using previously established teacher/student criteria
Language
Grammar
In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to:
2.L.1.A.ause nouns and pronouns in writingNexStudents lesson: Kinds of Nouns
2.L.1.A.hproduce simple declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences
Punctuation, Capitalization, Spelling
In written text:
2.L.1.B.awrite legibly (print, cursive)
2.L.1.B.buse dialogue that contains quotation marks
2.L.1.B.cuse apostrophes correctly for contractions
2.L.1.B.dcapitalize weeks, days, months, holidays
2.L.1.B.ecapitalize abbreviated titles of people
2.L.1.B.fspell words using irregular spelling patterns
2.L.1.B.gspell and use the plural of nouns by adding –es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, or -x
2.L.1.B.huse nouns that change their spelling in plural form
2.L.1.B.iarrange words in alphabetical order, to the second letter
Speaking/Listening
Purpose
Develop and apply effective listening skills and strategies in formal and informal settings by:
2.SL.1.A.afollowing classroom listening rules
2.SL.1.A.bfollowing three-step instructions, according to classroom expectations
Entertainment
Develop and apply effective listening skills and strategies in formal and informal settings by:
2.SL.2.A.ademonstrating active listening, according to classroom expectations
Collaborative Discussions
Speak clearly and to the point, using conventions of language when presenting individually or with a group by:
2.SL.3.A.ataking turns in discussion with a shoulder partner, according to classroom expectations
2.SL.3.A.bconfirming comprehension of read-alouds and independent reading by retelling and asking appropriate questions
Presenting
Speak clearly, audibly and to the point, using conventions of language when presenting individually or with a group by:
2.SL.4.A.aexplaining a topic (student-chosen or teacher-assigned), while maintaining eye contact with audience
2.SL.4.A.brecalling and telling a story with details, including a beginning, middle, and end
2.SL.4.A.cusing academic language and conventions
Mathematics 35 standards
Number Sense and Operations in Base Ten
Understand place value of three digit numbers
2.NBT.A.1Understand three-digit numbers are composed of hundreds, tens and ones.
2.NBT.A.2Understand that 100 can be thought of as 10 tens – called a “hundred”.
2.NBT.A.3Count within 1000 by 1s, 10s and 100s starting with any number.
2.NBT.A.4Read and write numbers to 1000 using number names, base-ten numerals and expanded form.
2.NBT.A.5Compare two three-digit numbers using the symbols >, = or <.
Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.
2.NBT.B.6Demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction within 100.
2.NBT.B.7Add up to four two-digit numbers.
2.NBT.B.8Add or subtract within 1000, and justify the solution.
2.NBT.B.9Use the relationship between addition and subtraction to solve problems.
2.NBT.B.10Add or subtract mentally 10 or 100 to or from a given number within 1000.
Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction
2.NBT.C.11Write and solve problems involving addition and subtraction within 100.
Relationships and Algebraic Thinking
Add and subtract within 20
2.RA.A.1Demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction within 20.
Develop foundations for multiplication and division.
Determine if a set of objects has an odd or even number of members.
2.RA.B.2aCount by 2s to 100 starting with any even number.
2.RA.B.2bExpress even numbers as pairings/groups of 2, and write an expression to represent the number using addends of 2.
2.RA.B.2cExpress even numbers as being composed of equal groups and write an expression to represent the number with 2 equal addends.
2.RA.B.3Find the total number of objects arranged in a rectangular array with up to 5 rows and 5 columns, and write an equation to represent the total as a sum of equal addends.
Geometry and Measurement
Reason with shapes and their attributes.
Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or sides.
2.GM.A.1aIdentify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, circles and cubes.
2.GM.A.1bIdentify the faces of three-dimensional objects.
2.GM.A.2Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of squares.
Partition circles and rectangles into two, three or four equal shares, and describe the shares and the whole.
2.GM.A.3aDemonstrate that equal shares of identical wholes need not have the same shape.
Measure and estimate lengths in standard units.
2.GM.B.4Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools.
2.GM.B.5Analyze the results of measuring the same object with different units.
2.GM.B.6Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, yards, centimeters and meters.
2.GM.B.7Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another.
Relate addition and subtraction to length.
2.GM.C.8Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve problems involving lengths that are given in the same units.
2.GM.C.9Represent whole numbers as lengths on a number line, and represent whole-number sums and differences within 100 on a number line.
Work with time and money.
2.GM.D.10Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.
2.GM.D.11Describe a time shown on a digital clock as representing hours and minutes, and relate a time shown on a digital clock to the same time on an analog clock.
2.GM.D.12Find the value of combinations of dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies, using $ and ¢ appropriately.
2.GM.D.13Find combinations of coins that equal a given amount.
Data and Statistics
Represent and interpret data
2.DS.A.1Create a line plot to represent a set of numeric data, given a horizontal scale marked in whole numbers.
2.DS.A.2Generate measurement data to the nearest whole unit, and display the data in a line plot.
2.DS.A.3Draw a picture graph or a bar graph to represent a data set with up to four categories.
2.DS.A.4Solve problems using information presented in line plots, picture graphs and bar graphs.
2.DS.A.5Draw conclusions from line plots, picture graphs and bar graphs.
Science 13 standards
Physical Sciences
Structure and Properties of Matter
2. PS1.A.1Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties. [Clarification Statement: Observations could include color, texture, hardness, and flexibility. Patterns could include the similar properties that different materials share.]
Earth and Space Sciences
The History of Planet Earth
2.ESS1.C.1Use information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly. [Clarification Statement: Examples of events and timescales could include volcanic explosions and earthquakes, which happen quickly and erosion of rocks, which occurs slowly.]
Earth Materials andSystem
2.ESS2.A.1Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land. [Clarification Statement: Examples of solutions could include different designs of dikes and windbreaks to hold back wind and water, and different designs for using shrubs, grass, and trees to hold back the land.]
Plate Tectonics and Large-ScaleSystem
2.ESS2.B.1Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.
The Role of Water in Earth's Surface Processes
2.ESS2.C.1Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.
Engineering, Technology, and Application of Science
Defining and Delimiting Engineering Proble6-8
2.ETS1.A.1Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through the development of a new or improved object or tool.
Developing Possible Solutions
2.ETS1.B1Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.
Optimizing the Solution Process
2.ETS1.C.1Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strength and weaknesses of how each performs.
Life Sciences
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
2.LS2.A.1Plan and conduct investigations on the growth of plants when growing conditions are altered (e.g., dark vs. light, water vs. no water).
2.LS2.A.2Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.
Physical Sciences
Structure and Properties of Matter
2.PS1.A.2Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose. [Clarification Statement: Examples of properties could include, strength, flexibility, hardness, texture, and absorbency.]
Forces and Motion
2.PS2.A.1Analyze data to determine how the motion of an object changed by an applied force or the mass of an object.
Wave Properties
2.PS4.A.1Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that changes in vibration create change in sound.
Social Studies 43 standards
Knowledge of the principles expressed in documents shaping constitutional democracy in the United States
Purposes and principles of the Constitution
2. PC.1.B.aExplain and give examples of how laws and rules are made and changed within a community.
Purposes and principles of the Bill of Rights
2. PC.1.C.aExamine how individual rights are protected within a community.
Role of citizens and governments in carrying out constitutional principles
2. PC.1.D.aAnalyze how being an active and informed citizen makes a difference in your community.
2.PC.1.D.bList the consequences of citizens not actively participating in their communities.
Character traits and civic attitudes of significant individuals.
2.PC.1.E.aDescribe the character traits and civic attitudes of inventors or pioneers in their field who influenced progress in the nation.
Knowledge of the symbols of our state and the nation.
2.PC.1.F.aDescribe the importance of the Pledge of Allegiance.
2.PC.1.F.bRecognize and explain the significance of national symbols including national landmarks, national parks, and important memorials.
Knowledge of principles and processes of governance systems.
Processes of governmental systems in decision making
2.GS.2.C.aDistinguish the responsibilities and powers of government officials at various levels and branches of government in authoritative decision making.
Functions of governmental systems.
2.GS.2.D.aIdentify and explain the concept of branches and functions of government.
Knowledge of continuity and change in the history of Missouri and the United States.
Understand the movement of people from many regions of the world to North America.
2.H.3.A.aCompare the culture and people in our community across multiple time periods.
Historical perspective/Thinking/Passage of time
2.H.3.B.aCompare and contrast the changing habitats, resources, art and daily lives of Native American people in regions of the U.S.
Knowledge of the contributions of significant persons in U.S. history
2.H.3.C.aDescribe the contributions of inventors or pioneers in their field who influenced progress in our nation.
Knowledge of economic concepts and principles
Knowledge of basic economic concepts.
2.E.4.A.aDescribe consumption and production and the relationship to goods and services within your region.
2.E.4.A.bDemonstrate how people use money to buy and sell goods and services.
2.E.4.A.cDemonstrate how people barter to exchange goods and services.
2.E.4.A.dExplain the relationship of income, labor, and wages.
Understanding the consequences of economic decisions.
2.E.4.B.aDescribe a personal cost-benefit situation.
Knowledge of major elements of geographical study and analysis and their relationship to changes in society and the environment.
Reading and constructing maps.
2.EG.5.A.aRead and construct maps with title and key.
2.EG.5.A.bIdentify the properties and use of different types of maps for a variety of purposes.
Understanding the concept of location to make predictions and solve problems.
2.EG.5.B.aName and locate the regions in your community.
2.EG.5.B.bName and locate regions of the world.
Understanding the concept of place.
2.EG.5.C.aIdentify and describe physical characteristics of the world.
2.EG.5.C.bIdentify and describe physical characteristics of the student’s region in Missouri
2.EG.5.C.cDescribe human characteristics of the student’s region in Missouri
Understand relationships between and among places
2.EG.5.E.aDescribe different types of communication and transportation and identify their advantages and disadvantages.
2.EG.5.E.bDescribe how transportation and communication systems have facilitated the movement of people, products, and ideas
Understand relationships between and among regions
2.EG.5.F.aDefine the concept of regions as places which have unifying political, physical, or cultural characteristics.
2.EG.5.F.bIdentify examples of different regions in Missouri.
2.EG.5.F.cDescribe why people of different groups settle more in one place or region than another
Use geography to interpret, explain and predict.
2.EG.5.G.aExplain how geography affects the way people live today.
Knowledge of relationships of the individual and groups to institutions and cultural traditions.
Cultural characteristics of all people
2.RI.6.A.aCompare the cultural characteristics of regions in the state
Methods of resolving conflicts
2.RI.6.B.aDemonstrate a peaceful resolution to a dispute
Ideas and beliefs of different cultures
2.RI.6.C.aRecall stories and songs that reflect the cultural history of peoples from various regions in the United States including regional folk figures, Native American legends and African American folktales.
Cultural heritage and preservation.
2.RI.6.D.aDescribe how regions commemorate cultural heritage.
Knowledge of the use of tools of social science inquiry
Identify, select, analyze, and evaluate resources to create a product of social science inquiry
2.TS.7.A.aDescribe and analyze primary and secondary social studies’ sources in classroom discussion with guidance and support.
2.TS.7.A.bSelect and use artifacts to share information on social studies’ topics.
Use visual tools to communicate information and ideas.
2.TS.7.B.aUse visual tools and informational texts to communicate information.
Understand and supporting fact, opinion, bias, and point of view in sources.
2.TS.7.C.aExplain the difference between fact and opinion in social studies’ topics.
2.TS.7.C.bExplain the concept of point of view in social studies’ topics.
Conducting and presenting research with appropriate resources.
2.TS.7.D.aShare research about a social studies’ topic.
Developing a research plan and identifying resources
2.TS.7.E.aDevelop supporting questions about social studies’ topics, with assistance.
2.TS.7.E.bDescribe a process to answer those questions
2.TS.7.E.cDiscuss types of sources that would be helpful in exploring social studies’ questions.
More Information: Missouri Dates, Sources and Homeschool Law
Missouri Learning Standards, published by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE).
Adopted by the state: 2016
Science reviewed: September 2024 (DESE's reviewed file)
Last checked by NexStudents: September 25, 2026
Copied from the state's own files, word for word. States revise their standards,
so check the state's page for the current version.
Social Studies 43 standards
Knowledge of the principles expressed in documents shaping constitutional democracy in the United States
Knowledge of principles and processes of governance systems.
Knowledge of continuity and change in the history of Missouri and the United States.
Knowledge of economic concepts and principles
Knowledge of major elements of geographical study and analysis and their relationship to changes in society and the environment.
Knowledge of relationships of the individual and groups to institutions and cultural traditions.
Knowledge of the use of tools of social science inquiry